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Distribution System Design & Planning 

5 Days

 Day One

D1.P1.1           General Principles of Planning

Ø      Objectives

Ø      Premises

Ø      Alternatives

Ø      Evaluation

Ø      Decision Making

Ø      Implementation

DI.P1.2            Primitive Anatomy of Distribution System

D1.P1.3           General Principles applied to Distribution Planning

DI.P1.4            The Distribution Design & Planning Process

Ø      Technical Design

Ø      Physical Planning

Ø      Costing

Ø      Terms & Condition, Connection Agreements

Ø      D & P Programme

BREAK

D1.P2.1           Technical Design

Ø      Thermal Ratings

Ø      Voltage Regulation

Ø      Quality of Supply

Ø      Excess Current and Earth Fault Protection

Ø      Calculations and Models

D1.P2.2           Design Calculations Part 1

Ø      Low Voltage Regulation (volt drop) – 3 Phase – Single Phase

Ø      ADMD

Ø      Loss of Diversity

Ø      Unbalance Factors

D1.P2.3           Primitive Model Update

LUNCH

D1.P3.1           The Distribution Code

Ø      Mandatory

Ø      Distribution Planning & Connection Code (DPC)

Ø      Distribution Operating Code (DOC)

Ø      Distribution Data Registration Code (DDRC)

Day One (continued)

D1.P3.2           Quality of Supply

Ø      Annex 1 of Distribution Code

Ø      E.R.P. 28   – Planning Limits for Voltage Fluctuations

Ø      E.R.G 5/3  – Limits for Harmonic Distortion

Ø      E.R.P. 29   – Planning Limits for Voltage Unbalance

Ø      E.R.P. 2/5  – Security of Supply

D1.P3.3           Technical Design Safety Issues

Ø      Annex 1 of Distribution Code

Ø      Fault Levels

Ø      Earthing Issues at Substations including rise of Potential

D1.P3.4           C.D.M. Issues

BREAK

D1.P4.1           Exercise/Worked Example

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Day Two

D2.P1.1           System Voltage Regulation & Control

Ø      Voltage Limits

Ø      Voltage Control by AVR Devices

Ø      Voltage Control by Planning Limits

Ø      Allocation of available Band-width

Ø      Primitive Model Update

BREAK

D2.P2.1           Design Calculations Part 2

Ø      Low Voltage Regulation on Rural Networks

D2.P2.2           Design Calculations Part 3

Ø      Voltage Fluctuations (flicker) using the methods in E.R.P.28

D2.P2.3           Worked Examples

Ø      P28 using Single Phase Low Voltage Resistive Load

Ø      P 28 Motor Start Example

LUNCH

D2.P3.1           Physical Planning

Ø      Route Selection

Ø      Site Selection

Ø      Planning Consents

Ø      Wayleaves

Ø      Designated Areas

Ø      The Modern Predicament

Ø      C.D.M.

Ø      Work Planning

D2.P3.2           Costing

Ø      Standard Cost Estimating

Ø      Prime Cost for Material and Labour hours

Ø      Overhead Cost Recovery

Ø      Repairs and Maintenance Costs

Ø      Computerised Estimating Schedule

Ø      Basic Schedule on Spreadsheet (Logistics)

Ø      Budget Quote for non-standard items

BREAK

Day Two (continued)

D2.P4.1           Plant Ordering

Ø      Specification

Ø      Competitive Tenders

Ø      Lead Times

D2.P4.2           Exercise

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Day Three

D3.P1.1           Network Modelling

Ø       Review of Primitive Model

D3.P1.2           The Percentage Impedance and Per Unit (pu) Method

Ø       Common Base

Ø       Voltage Levels

Ø       Useful Expressions

D3.P1.3           Circuit Models

D3.P1.4           Transformer Models

Ø      Impedance Models

Ø      AVR

D3.P1.5           Flesh on the Primitive Model

BREAK

D3.P2.1           Design Calculation Part 4

Ø       High Voltage Regulation & Control

Ø       Worked example

D3.P2.2           Introduction to Fault Levels

Ø      Through-fault Currents and their Magnitude

Ø      Synchronous Fault Level

Ø      Fault Levels expressed in MVA or kA

Ø      Design Limits and typical values on the Primitive Model

Ø      Types of Fault

D3.P2.3           Exciting the Primitive Model

Ø      Fault Level expressed as Impedance (with voltage behind)

Ø      X/R values

Ø      Driving the Primitive Model

Ø      Let’s not call it Primitive any more

LUNCH

D3.P3.1           Design Calculations Part 5

Ø      Simple (balance 3Ph) fault level calculation

Ø      Worked example

D3.P3.2           Unbalanced Faults

Ø      Commentary only on method of network sequence components

Day Three (continued)

D3.P3.3           Voltage Unbalance

Ø      E.R.P29 again

Ø      Expressing Magnitude of Unbalance

Ø      Useful (approximate) Calculation Technique

BREAK

D3.P4.1           Switchgear Rating

Ø      Circuit Breaking Duty

Ø      Circuit Making Duty

Ø      Transient Fault Level

Ø      Spinning Load

Ø      IEC 909

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Day Four

D4.P1.1           Terms & Conditions Part 1

Ø      Define Objectives with Customer and Quantify

Ø      Charges related to MD and Allowances

Ø      Contracted Period

Ø      Agree Level of Security being offered to Individual Customer

Ø      Discuss and Adopt Realistic Programme Date early on

Ø      Offer Various Alternatives

Ø      Agree Payment Stage(s)

Ø      Continually review progress through D&P Process Programme

D4.P1.2           Terms & Conditions Part 2

Ø      Developments in the Connections Business

Ø      Competition

Ø      Point of Connection

Ø      Existing Circuit Capacity

Ø      Contestable Connection work

Ø      Non-Contestable work

Ø      Approved Installers (Lloyds Register)

Ø      Joint Construction & Adoption Agreements

Ø      Know the Distribution Code before saying ‘No’

Ø      The Connection Liaison Role

Ø      Design Approval

Ø      Specification

BREAK

D4.P2.1           Security of Supply

Ø      Alternative Supplies

Ø      Reliability Studies

Ø      Summary of E.R.P. 2/5

D4.P2.2           Protection Studies

Ø      Basic Protection

Ø      Fault Level throughout Network

Ø      Protective Device Settings for Discrimination

Ø      Through Fault Duty on Components

D4.P2.3           Earthing

Ø      Reference to Earth Mandatory – Supply Regs

Ø      HV Networks – single point reference

Ø      LV Networks – multiple point earthing

Ø      Common HV/LV earth

Ø      Earth electrodes – Soil Resistivity – Resistance to Earth

Ø      Earth Fault Loops – HV and LV

Day Four (continued)

Ø      Limiting Magnitude of Earth Fault Current

Ø      Rise of Potential at Substations – Hot sites

Ø      Step and Touch Voltages

D4.P2.4           Worked Examples

Ø      Rise of Potential during HV Fault

Ø      Earth Fault Current in Transformer LV tails

LUNCH

D4.P3.1           Network Losses

Ø      Variable

Ø      Fixed

Ø      Magnitude

Ø      Cost

D4.P3.2           Capital Appraisal

Ø      Cash Flow

Ø      Pay Back Period

Ø      Present Worth

Ø      DCF

D4.P3.3           Worked Example

Ø      Appraisal of Competing Options

BREAK

D4.P4.1           Review of Design Calculations Required

Ø      Voltage Regulation and Control – can be an iterative process

Ø      Load Sharing of Parallel Circuits – messy by hand above two circuits

Ø      Loss Calculation – very messy by hand over extended irregular load distribution

Ø      Thermal Loadings

Ø      Fault Level Studies for Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Faults

Ø      Connecting Impedance

Ø      Reliability Studies

D4.P4.2           Digitised Network Models

Ø      DINIS

Ø      Instant Access to Models of Existing Network

Ø      Easy Construction of Option Models

Ø      High Level Mathematical Equations solved for you

Day Four (continued)

Ø      Rapid Solutions

Ø      But you need to understand power systems before you can use it!

Ø      If you ain’t got DINIS

Ø      Spread Sheet Models soon pay back set-up effort

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Day Five

D5.P1.1           New Connections

Ø      Determination of Point(s) of Connection

Ø      Capacity of existing (adjacent) Circuits

Ø      Ring-fencing Connection from Reinforcement

D5.P1.2           New Housing Estates

Ø      ADMD

Ø      Substations – number and location

Ø      HV Network

Ø      LV mains & services: Remember Protection, Flicker, Thermal & Regulation (PFTR)

Ø      Xmas Trees

D5.P1.3           Exercise – Worked Example

BREAK

D5.P2.1           Industrial Connections

Ø      Review Terms & Conditions

Ø      Review Quality of Supply Issues

Ø      Review Security of Supply Issues

Ø      PFTR as always

Ø      Fault Level Contribution from Spinning Load

Ø      Joint use Substations and Switchboards

Ø      Ownership Boundary

Ø      Control Boundary

Ø      ET

D5.P2.2           Exercise – Worked Example

LUNCH

D5.P3.1           Network Reinforcement (and asset replacement)

Ø      Need to Monitor Network Performance and to keep pace with load growth and age

D5.P3.2           Identifying Reinforcement Requirements

Ø      Load Planning Estimates used as Overview

Ø      Automatic Data Collection (SCADA) and Alarms

Ø      Add Load Enquiries

Ø      Voltage Complaints

Ø      Quality of Supply Complaints

Ø      Interruption to Supply Complaints

Ø      NAFIR Reports

Ø      Local Plans published by Local Authorities

Day Five (continued)

D5.P3.3           Worked Example and Discussion

BREAK

D5.P4.1                       COURSE REVIEW

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